The group of polyester fibers represents the largest share of synthetically produced fibers worldwide. Although many different polymers can be assigned to this group, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) makes up by far the largest proportion of this group. As the name suggests, polyesters are formed by a polycondensation of carboxylic acid derivatives and alcohols to form ester groups. The great success of polyester fibers is due to their very good processability, the wide range of usable properties and the comparatively low production costs. The mechanical fiber properties such as thermal and dimensional stability, strength, bulkiness and fineness can be controlled very well over a wide range by the process conditions during fiber production. Fiber production is mainly carried out using the melt spinning process.
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Polyesters are produced by polymerization (more precisely polycondensation) between dicarboxylic acids and aliphatic dihydroxy compounds. In the case of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is produced in large quantities, this involves terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. The water produced during the reaction must be removed in order to achieve a chain structure in a specific molecular weight range. In a further step, fibers are produced by means of a melt spinning process. Filaments are formed from the polyester melt at spinnerets, which are further oriented, crystallized and cut in downstream process steps.
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